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The shebang line and associated file type options involve collecting all the Ruby source code associated with an application and passing it on to a user, who then either has to run it from a command line or create a file association.

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For nontechnical users, these options can prove confusing, and compared to deploying a typical application for Linux, OS X, or Windows they make Ruby look unprofessional. This is the nature of deploying code written in an interpreted language, because Ruby cannot be compiled down to a single, tidy executable file that can be used like any other executable file. However, some clever developers have come up with a couple different systems to work around this problem and give the impression of creating a single, compiled executable file. One trick is to embed a Ruby interpreter and the source code into a single file and then use these components to make the application work transparently.

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Using a hash makes data access easy (rather than relying on, say, a database) and fast when it comes to choosing sentences and performing matches. However, because your bot class needs to be able to deal with multiple datasets, it s necessary to store the hash of data for each bot within a file that can be chosen when a bot is started. In 9 you learned about the concept of object persistence, where Ruby data structures can be frozen and stored. One library you used was called PStore, which stores Ruby data structures in a non-human-readable binary format, and the other was YAML, which is human-readable and represented as a specially formatted text file. For this project you ll use YAML, as you want to be able to make changes to the data files on the fly, to change things your bot will say, and to test out new phrases without constructing a whole new file each time. It s possible to create your data files by hand and then let the Bot class load them in, but to make life easier, you ll create a small program that can create the initial data file for you, as you did in 9. An ideal name for it would be bot_data_to_yaml.rb:

Python has six built-in types of sequences, but let s concentrate on two of the most common ones lists and tuples. The main difference between these is that you can change a list, but you can t change a tuple. This means a list might be useful if you need to add elements as you go along, while a tuple can be useful if, for some reason, you can t allow the sequence to change. Reasons for the latter are usually rather technical, having to do with how things work internally in Python. That s why you may see built-in functions returning tuples. For your own programs, chances are you can use lists instead of tuples in almost all circumstances. (One notable exception, as described in 4, is using tuples as dictionary keys. There lists aren t allowed, because you aren t allowed to modify keys.)

require 'yaml' bot_data = { :presubs => [ ["dont", "don't"],

The second type is long-term memory the part of the mind where your audience members store information over an extended period of time, from as little as 30 seconds to as long as a lifetime In a presentation context, this is where you would like your audience to store the new information you intend to communicate to them Beyond just remembering the new information, you also would like them to be able to access and apply the information from long-term memory when needed Like sensory memory, long-term memory is also potentially unlimited in its capacity The third type is working memory (sometimes called short-term memory) the part of the mind where your audience members hold their attention The theories underlying working memory are complex, but essentially, working memory is a temporary holding area for information.